Physiology
Endocrine System
1. Hormones of posterior pituitary gland
2. Growth hormone ***
a. Functions
b. Manifestations of excess growth hormone in details
c. Acromegaly **
d. Dwarfism ***
i. Type
e. Somatomedin**
i. Where it is synthesized?
ii. Actions
3. Somatostatin inhibits what?
4. Prolactin ***
a. Secreted by
b. Action **
c. Hyperprolactinemia **
i. In male
d. Regulation
e. Inhibitor
5. Oxytocin ***
6. ADH ***
a. Where it is secreted & stored?
b. Functions ***
c. Actions
d. Effects of decreased secretion
7. Hypothyroidism ***
a. In children
b. In adults
c. Manifestations
8. Cretinism *****
a. Characteristics (Features) **
b. Deficiency of hormones
9. Myxodema **
10. Grave’s disease **
a. Explain about heart rate & ABP
b. Manifestations
11. Calcitonin
a. Functions
12. Plasma calcium level **
a. Regulation of calcium level by hormones ***
b. Define calcium homeostasis
c. Manifestations of calcium deficiency
d. Ionization of calcium
13. Tetany **
14. Cortisol
a. Pharmacological actions
b. Control of secretion
15. Aldosterone *****
a. Genomic action
b. Functions
c. Where it is secreted
d. Regulations
e. Primary & secondary hyperaldosteronism
f. Disease related
16. Cushing syndrome *****
17. Conn’s syndrome **
18. Addison’s disease ****
a. Why there is pigmentation?
Reproduction
1. Spermatogenesis
2. Functions of sertoli cells ***
3. Testicular functional tests **
4. Menstrual cycle
a. Phases
b. Hormones related
5. Ovulation ***
a. Hormones related
6. Hormones which help to indicate ovulation
a. Estrogen (indirectly)
b. LH (directly) during ovulation
c. Progesterone after ovulation
7. Placental hormones
8. Estrogen
a. Site of release
b. Functions
9. Corpus luteum ***
a. What is it?
b. Hormones secreted by it
10. Menopause
11. Hormones needed for lactation
Central Nervous System
1. Synaptic transmission **
a. Characters
b. Habituation
2. Synaptic potential
3. Receptors
Sensory Nervous System
1. Pain
a. Type
b. Pain control
c. Referred pain *****
d. Visceral pain **
i. Causes
2. Syringomyelia ***
a. What is it?
b. Affects what?
3. Brown-Sequard Syndrome
4. Tabes dorsalis
Special Senses
Vision
1. Iris
2. Lens
3. Accommodation *****
4. Miosis *****
a. Definition
b. Causes **
c. Functions
d. What reflex that causes miosis?
5. Near reflex (Near response) ******
a. Definition
b. What are the changes occur?
c. How is it occurs?
d. Why we need of convergence of both eyes?
6. Light reflex
7. Argyl-Robertson ***
8. Pathway of vision & diseases related
9. Presbyopia
10. Astigmatism
11. Functions of spherical & chromatic aberrations
12. Differentiate between active & passive mydriasis:
a. Adrenaline is used for active mydriasis
b. Atropine is used for passive mydriasis
13. Aqueous humor ****
a. Functions
14. IOP
a. What
b. Normal pressure ***
c. Functions
15. Glaucoma *****
a. When IOP pressure exceeds how much?
16. Dark adaptation ****
17. Scotopic & photopic visions
18. Binocular vision
Hearing
1. Middle ear **
a. Functions
2. Eustachian tube
3. Organ of Corti
Motor Nervous System
1. Stretch reflex **
a. Type: Monosynaptic reflex
b. Functions
2. Muscle spindle
a. What is it?
b. It response to?
3. Muscle tone **
a. Applications
4. Rigidity
5. Motor area in brain
6. Broca’s area
a. Lesion
b. What type of aphasia? Fluent or non-fluent?
7. UMNL **
8. LMNL
a. Definition
b. Manifestation
c. Causes
9. Differences between UMNL & LMNL **
10. Spinal shock **
11. Functions of cerebellum ****
12. Tremors
a. Definition
b. Types **
c. Kinetic & static tremors
d. What syndrome has kinetic tremor?
13. Ataxia *******
a. Definition
b. Types **
c. Cerebellar ataxia
d. Diseases which manifested by ataxia
e. What are the gaits for motor & sensory ataxia? High stepping gait & drunken gait
f. What is the disease which has both sensory & motor ataxia? Thalamic syndrome
14. Basal ganglia
a. Functions
15. Parkinsonism *****
16. Sleep
a. Mechanism **
b. Functions of serotonin & melatonin in sleeping
c. Which organ secretes serotonin & melatonin?
d. Melatonin is more in infants or adults? Infants
Kidney
1. Juxta-glomerular apparatus
a. Functions
2. GFR ************
a. Definition ***
b. Normal value ***
c. Forces affecting ***
3. Filtration fraction
4. Hormones which regulate renal tubule
5. Tubular handling of Sodium
a. Hormones acting
6. Glucose tolerance
7. TMG **
a. Normal level
b. Causes
8. Counter-current mechanism **
a. Definition literally
b. Examples in kidney
9. Plasma clearance **
a. Definition **
b. Inulin ****
i. Properties
c. PAHA ****
d. Creatinine
e. Glucose. Why zero?
f. Functions **
10. Diuresis
11. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) **
a. All processes or events in PCT
12. Osmolarity of glomerular filtrate before and after entering PCT
13. Loop of Henle
14. Function of distal convoluted tubule & cortical collecting tubule
15. Renal blood flow
16. pH
17. Metabolic & respiratory acidosis
Digestion
1. Functions of saliva
2. Acid secretion in stomach
a. Synthesis
b. Control
c. Factors stimulating
d. HCl
3. Gastric emptying
4. CCK *****
a. Functions
b. Actions
c. Secreted by?
5. Gastrin
a. Functions
6. Secretin
a. Functions
7. Pancreas
a. Enumerate pancreatic enzymes **
b. Functions of pancreatic enzymes
c. Factors affecting their secretions
8. Gall bladder
a. Functions **
b. Hormonal control of its contraction
9. Bile
10. Bile salt
a. Functions
b. Enterohepatic circulation
11. Jaundice
a. Definition
b. Range/Level
c. Types
d. What is increasing & what is decreasing in each type
Metabolism
1. SDA *********
a. Does type of food affect SDA?
b. Which has the highest SDA?
c. Definition
2. RQ ****
a. Definition
b. Functions
c. How much for carbohydrate?
3. BMR *****
a. Definition
b. What is basal condition?
4. Obesity
5. Exposure to cold
6. Body heat regulation
TENGOKLAH TAJUK METABOLISM TUHH..MACAM HAPE FAMOUS DIAA... =.="
Endocrine System
1. Hormones of posterior pituitary gland
2. Growth hormone ***
a. Functions
b. Manifestations of excess growth hormone in details
c. Acromegaly **
d. Dwarfism ***
i. Type
e. Somatomedin**
i. Where it is synthesized?
ii. Actions
3. Somatostatin inhibits what?
4. Prolactin ***
a. Secreted by
b. Action **
c. Hyperprolactinemia **
i. In male
d. Regulation
e. Inhibitor
5. Oxytocin ***
6. ADH ***
a. Where it is secreted & stored?
b. Functions ***
c. Actions
d. Effects of decreased secretion
7. Hypothyroidism ***
a. In children
b. In adults
c. Manifestations
8. Cretinism *****
a. Characteristics (Features) **
b. Deficiency of hormones
9. Myxodema **
10. Grave’s disease **
a. Explain about heart rate & ABP
b. Manifestations
11. Calcitonin
a. Functions
12. Plasma calcium level **
a. Regulation of calcium level by hormones ***
b. Define calcium homeostasis
c. Manifestations of calcium deficiency
d. Ionization of calcium
13. Tetany **
14. Cortisol
a. Pharmacological actions
b. Control of secretion
15. Aldosterone *****
a. Genomic action
b. Functions
c. Where it is secreted
d. Regulations
e. Primary & secondary hyperaldosteronism
f. Disease related
16. Cushing syndrome *****
17. Conn’s syndrome **
18. Addison’s disease ****
a. Why there is pigmentation?
Reproduction
1. Spermatogenesis
2. Functions of sertoli cells ***
3. Testicular functional tests **
4. Menstrual cycle
a. Phases
b. Hormones related
5. Ovulation ***
a. Hormones related
6. Hormones which help to indicate ovulation
a. Estrogen (indirectly)
b. LH (directly) during ovulation
c. Progesterone after ovulation
7. Placental hormones
8. Estrogen
a. Site of release
b. Functions
9. Corpus luteum ***
a. What is it?
b. Hormones secreted by it
10. Menopause
11. Hormones needed for lactation
Central Nervous System
1. Synaptic transmission **
a. Characters
b. Habituation
2. Synaptic potential
3. Receptors
Sensory Nervous System
1. Pain
a. Type
b. Pain control
c. Referred pain *****
d. Visceral pain **
i. Causes
2. Syringomyelia ***
a. What is it?
b. Affects what?
3. Brown-Sequard Syndrome
4. Tabes dorsalis
Special Senses
Vision
1. Iris
2. Lens
3. Accommodation *****
4. Miosis *****
a. Definition
b. Causes **
c. Functions
d. What reflex that causes miosis?
5. Near reflex (Near response) ******
a. Definition
b. What are the changes occur?
c. How is it occurs?
d. Why we need of convergence of both eyes?
6. Light reflex
7. Argyl-Robertson ***
8. Pathway of vision & diseases related
9. Presbyopia
10. Astigmatism
11. Functions of spherical & chromatic aberrations
12. Differentiate between active & passive mydriasis:
a. Adrenaline is used for active mydriasis
b. Atropine is used for passive mydriasis
13. Aqueous humor ****
a. Functions
14. IOP
a. What
b. Normal pressure ***
c. Functions
15. Glaucoma *****
a. When IOP pressure exceeds how much?
16. Dark adaptation ****
17. Scotopic & photopic visions
18. Binocular vision
Hearing
1. Middle ear **
a. Functions
2. Eustachian tube
3. Organ of Corti
Motor Nervous System
1. Stretch reflex **
a. Type: Monosynaptic reflex
b. Functions
2. Muscle spindle
a. What is it?
b. It response to?
3. Muscle tone **
a. Applications
4. Rigidity
5. Motor area in brain
6. Broca’s area
a. Lesion
b. What type of aphasia? Fluent or non-fluent?
7. UMNL **
8. LMNL
a. Definition
b. Manifestation
c. Causes
9. Differences between UMNL & LMNL **
10. Spinal shock **
11. Functions of cerebellum ****
12. Tremors
a. Definition
b. Types **
c. Kinetic & static tremors
d. What syndrome has kinetic tremor?
13. Ataxia *******
a. Definition
b. Types **
c. Cerebellar ataxia
d. Diseases which manifested by ataxia
e. What are the gaits for motor & sensory ataxia? High stepping gait & drunken gait
f. What is the disease which has both sensory & motor ataxia? Thalamic syndrome
14. Basal ganglia
a. Functions
15. Parkinsonism *****
16. Sleep
a. Mechanism **
b. Functions of serotonin & melatonin in sleeping
c. Which organ secretes serotonin & melatonin?
d. Melatonin is more in infants or adults? Infants
Kidney
1. Juxta-glomerular apparatus
a. Functions
2. GFR ************
a. Definition ***
b. Normal value ***
c. Forces affecting ***
3. Filtration fraction
4. Hormones which regulate renal tubule
5. Tubular handling of Sodium
a. Hormones acting
6. Glucose tolerance
7. TMG **
a. Normal level
b. Causes
8. Counter-current mechanism **
a. Definition literally
b. Examples in kidney
9. Plasma clearance **
a. Definition **
b. Inulin ****
i. Properties
c. PAHA ****
d. Creatinine
e. Glucose. Why zero?
f. Functions **
10. Diuresis
11. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) **
a. All processes or events in PCT
12. Osmolarity of glomerular filtrate before and after entering PCT
13. Loop of Henle
14. Function of distal convoluted tubule & cortical collecting tubule
15. Renal blood flow
16. pH
17. Metabolic & respiratory acidosis
Digestion
1. Functions of saliva
2. Acid secretion in stomach
a. Synthesis
b. Control
c. Factors stimulating
d. HCl
3. Gastric emptying
4. CCK *****
a. Functions
b. Actions
c. Secreted by?
5. Gastrin
a. Functions
6. Secretin
a. Functions
7. Pancreas
a. Enumerate pancreatic enzymes **
b. Functions of pancreatic enzymes
c. Factors affecting their secretions
8. Gall bladder
a. Functions **
b. Hormonal control of its contraction
9. Bile
10. Bile salt
a. Functions
b. Enterohepatic circulation
11. Jaundice
a. Definition
b. Range/Level
c. Types
d. What is increasing & what is decreasing in each type
Metabolism
1. SDA *********
a. Does type of food affect SDA?
b. Which has the highest SDA?
c. Definition
2. RQ ****
a. Definition
b. Functions
c. How much for carbohydrate?
3. BMR *****
a. Definition
b. What is basal condition?
4. Obesity
5. Exposure to cold
6. Body heat regulation
TENGOKLAH TAJUK METABOLISM TUHH..MACAM HAPE FAMOUS DIAA... =.="