ayunishafaf wrote:leh x tlg citer *long vagovagal reflexes
ngn *local enteric reflexes-esp ayat nie-
postganglionic neurons in local reflex arc are the same ones innervated by descending vagal fibres that mediate cephalic phase of secretion? (pe lak kaitn ngn cephalic phase tetibe? local reflex arc dye ckp pe ek?)
m/s 28
dgn nama Allah yg Maha Pemurah lagi Maha Mengasihani...
long vagovagal reflexes dah settle kan??...food enter stomach-distention of wall-stimulate mechanical receptors-send signal to medulla(dorsal motor nucleus of vagus) via afferent fibres of vagus-medulla send signal to stomach wall via efferent fibres of vagus-decrease muscular tone of wall-enable filling of stomach with a lot of food..
local enteric reflex plop-mcm bese,copy dlm tenet...
local enteric reflex=enteric nervous system
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), that directly controls the gastrointestinal system.
Function
"The ENS is capable of autonomous functions such as the coordination of reflexes, although it receives considerable innervation from the autonomic nervous system and thus is often considered a part of the ANS."
yg sy faham,local enteric reflex sebahagian drpd autonomic nervous system.....sbb ENS BLEY CONTROL REFLEX MCM aper yg long vagovagal reflex wat....
Anatomy
The enteric nervous system is embedded in the lining of the gastrointestinal system.
The neurons of the ENS are collected into two types of ganglia: myenteric (Auerbach's) and submucosal (Meissner's) plexuses.[8]Myenteric plexuses are located between the inner and outer layers of the muscularis externa, while submucosal plexuses are located in the submucosa.
postganglionic neurons in local reflex arc are the same ones innervated by descending vagal fibres that mediate cephalic phase of secretion? (pe lak kaitn ngn cephalic phase tetibe? local reflex arc dye ckp pe ek?)
ni explanation dier KOWT....
"The enteric nervous system has been described as a "second brain". There are several reasons for this. The enteric nervous system can operate autonomously. It normally communicates with the CNS through the parasympathetic (eg, via the vagus nerve) and sympathetic (eg, via the prevertebral ganglia) nervous systems."
cephalic phase(page 27) totally citer tntg cepahalic phase ni sepenuhnye dikawal oleh vagus sahaja.maksud nervous controlled tu, aper2x shj above stomach(cerebral cortex,amygdala,hypothalamus,mknn masuk mulut) bley anto signal ker stomach utk increase secretion melalui vagus nerve...
(preganglionic-postganglionic neuron)
local enteric reflex dlm gastric phase berlaku biler mknn dah smpai dlm perut,stimulate local enteric reflex td,(second brain),x pyh peg brain dah,tp bley anto signal dgn cpt melalui reflex ni.(spinal cord).tp dgn postganglionic neuron yg samer dgn cephalic phase(mcm ayat dlm buku teks)....
"vertebrate studies show that when the vagus nerve is severed, the enteric nervous system continues to function."(enteric reflex cumer share postganglionic neuron jerrr)
NOTES:
In vertebrates the enteric nervous system includes efferent neurons, afferent neurons, and interneurons, all of which make the enteric nervous system capable of carrying reflexes and acting as an integrating center in the absence of CNS input.
The sensory neurons report on mechanical and chemical conditions. Through intestinal muscles, the motor neurons control peristalsis and churning of intestinal contents.
Other neurons control the secretion of enzymes. The enteric nervous system also makes use of more than 30 neurotransmitters, most of which are identical to the ones found in CNS, such as acetylcholine, dopamine, and serotonin. The enteric nervous system has the capacity to alter its response depending on such factors as bulk and nutrient composition.
kalo melalut,sila btolkan yerrr..